The Vomero, Appendix modern city, was born in the second half of the nineteenth century in response to the expansion plans developed with the ’reclamation’ resulting epidemic of 1884 [see Porto hanger Market]. The extension today, the size out of scale gained from the Second World War and the seventies of the twentieth century (an authentic ’city center outside’, isolated substantially away from the metropolis, if not for the funiculars, until the opening of Metro Line 1, "go down down in Naples "they said …) are the culmination of the ’fusion’ of three ancient villages: Vomero, Case shored, Antignano.In addition to the Arenella (via Case shored up shares, via Pigna, wide Antignano, Via San Gennaro in Antignano, Piazza Leonardo), bordered with Advocate and Montecalvario (Piazza Leonardo, the crossroads of the four quarters), Chiaia (Via Tasso, via Palisades ), Fuorigrotta (via Fosso Vicinale Santo Stefano), Soccavo (via Cupa Vicinale San Domenico).Green fields, gardens, cultivated fields – the name ’vomeronasal’ remained in the modern era of the hill derives its plow – have resisted temptations without intervention until the late nineteenth century, outside the perimeter of the post-industrial civilization, preserved for centuries by a few paths, mainly on steep slopes (s cavoni, down conductors, the steps), what’s more awkward, often, for the stony soil transported by rainwater: the Petraio and Pedamentina, towards the center (via Toledo through the Spanish Quarter), passing Corso Vittorio Emanuele; dropped St. Francis and Via Belvedere, prosthesis to the Riviera di Chiaia through continuous steps (halfway by Aniello Falcone, Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Via Crispi), the road known as Neapolis-Puteolim for colles, ancient conjunction to Pozzuoli, antignano, continuing to Infrascata (Salvator Rosa), up to Piazza Dante.The discovery of archaeological finds along this ancient route alternative to the coastal routes between Naples and Pozzuoli, in the direction of Rome, testifies to the presence of settlements to Antinianum (Antignano) in Roman times. This is actually the top decumano that climbs the hills along the Via Tarsia, by Salvator Rosa, up to and through the center of Antignano and, subsequently, Vomero, an urban settlement, from the ridge of the hill, surmounts the the ancient village of Chiaia, already detected and described by the Latin sources, while the testimonies more ’recent’ on the Vomero date back to the Middle Ages (defined Paturcium or hill Patruscolo and, later, for the most downstream ’upstream Olimpiano’).On the origins of the name, the most reliable hypothesis is still that reported by Charles Celano: "all this mountain is called Antignano, and they want some say that debbasi Antonian, having been to Villa Antonio Emperor, but the more true it is that it takes name from Lake Agnano, having to say Ante-Agnanum, because in ancient times, and also to the present, from those who do not want to go to the cave from here you go to the lake above "(Charles Celano, 1692).The house, as far as ’transit’, is therefore a central place of Roman civilization in the region.Not less fame earned him the chronicles of the sacred. The popular tradition of the past here is the body of St. Gennaro, transferred from Pozzuoli to Naples, as confirmed by the testimonies spread of place-names named after the patron near the church of San Gennaro in Antignano (corner of Via Count of Cerra) , in the place where it would be passed through the body of the saint, there is a newspaper stand in memory of the event, not to mention the church of San Gennariello (documented as early as 1000), today San Gennaro or Small Pompeii, via Filippo Cifariello, yet monument in memory of the miracle of the dissolution of blood, occurred for the first time in Antignano own.Arenella, now extended to the area in the upper part of the hospitals and the Camaldoli hill, is bounded – in addition to the Vomero, almost in symbiosis – from San Carlo Arena (via Pietravalle), Star (via Pietravalle, via Antonio Cardarelli, Vallone Gerolomini), Advocate (ascent Two Doors, Via Matteo Renato Imbriani, Canneto square, Piazza Leonardo), Chiaiano (via the Hermitage, wide Cangiani, via Domenico Montesano, via Sergio Pansini). Small rural village, originally, as the whole area, owes its name to the sand (arena) and the rubble that deposited the torrents of rainwater from the Camaldoli.It is the place of origin of the painter Salvator Rosa (1625) – born in a house in front of the church of Santa Maria del Soccorso – which is dedicated the statue (Achilles d’Orsi, 1871) in the center of Piazza Francesco Muzii.The wide prevalence of laborers, farmers and small communities of artisans and merchants, like all suburban suburbs, the fresh air and the natural attractions have promoted the villages, in the fifteenth century, to resort to the aristocratic families. Since 1472, the humanist Giovanni Pontano soul a famous villa, described in the guides of the ancient city, located in Antignano wide, of which some ruins testify today in the central part of a building constructed in 1818.The process of urbanization is still embryonic. During the sixteenth century, the landscape overlooking the village of Chiaia looks still intact and rich in vegetation, with a few houses and small farms: only emergencies building the ramparts of Castel Sant ’Elmo and the monastic retreat of the Certosa di San Martino (both Founded Angevin), on the top of the hill. From 1532 to 1553 the Viceroy Pedro de Toledo takes the enlargement of the walls [see San Ferdinando and Advocate Montecalvario], also as a result of the measure that requires the nobles to leave the packages in the feuds too far away from the city (and, therefore, little controlled by government authorities), and move to residences in the capital.In close connection with the extension of the urban perimeter, notices and pragmatic that, beginning in 1565, to prohibit any construction near the walls, start the gradual transformation of the ancient villages in residential areas themselves, thanks to ’ opening dell’Infrascata (Salvator Rosa), in 1560. It is no coincidence that already in 1566 we should put a stop to, prohibiting the construction of buildings along the slopes of San Martino, to keep free the area around Castel Sant ’Elmo.During the seventeenth century, continues the ’fashion’ of the aristocratic villas, the ’mess of delight’ architecturally simple but with large open galleries and gardens, planted with fruit trees and with statues and fountains. Among the most famous settlements of the seventeenth century, the villa of the Flemish merchant Ferdinand Vandeneynden, now incorporated in modern facilities (Villa Belvedere), buyer and collector of famous artists. The plants of the eighteenth-century city (from reference mapping of the Duke of Noja) still show an environment essentially intact, with the gardens and along the Infrascata ’via the Vomero’ (on the street Annella Massimo), which, through Antignano, all’Infrascata connects and extends up to the villages of Villanova and Santostrato, in Posillipo), while the main connection between the Vomero and the village of San Francesco Chiaia is dropped.In 1817 Ferdinand I entrust to Antonio Niccolini restructuring in style of the villa which has bought from the heirs of Christopher Saliceti, police minister during the reign of Gioacchino Murat, to give it to his morganatic wife Lucia Migliaccio, Duchess of Floridia, hence the name Floridiana, first aid relief in the area.More generally, from the French decade, began planning the uninterrupted chain of mutations that will have the first crucial step between the end of the century and early twentieth century, with the plan to expand citizen of Vomero and Arenella, referred to several times.From the mid-nineteenth century, on the initiative of the Society of cleansing, Vomero and Arenella – reaching Chapel Cangiani up the hill of Camaldoli – start off on the road which is a prelude to the physiognomy of our day.Work began in 1885, in the presence of the real and the Minister Depretis. The granting of most of the land is given to the Bank Tiberina, which then leaves the company (1889-1899) for failure, yielding what has been achieved to the Bank of Italy, resulting in temporary cessation of the work.Much of the street network of the district, by Luca Giordano, Via Scarlatti, Piazza Vanvitelli, via Morghen, and the Upper Via Bernini, is already a reality, everything will be organized around a dense mesh checkerboard, with the result of obscure progressively large portions of the landscape perspective. An exception to this dilapidation: small villas built behind the plot of Umberto I, over the surroundings with gardens, bay windows, bow windows; settlements more imaginative, such as ’Santarella’, built in 1909 by Luigia Sanfelice for Edoardo Scarpetta, in skilful symbiosis with the topography of the hill ("here I laugh," reads the inscription on the emblematic residence), and the solutions of liberty ascending Europe, with particular debt to the Viennese school, designed by Adolfo Oats in the palaces of the square and Fugue in villa Hopefully, now Jordan, in Via Tasso. Meanwhile, the connections to the city opens up new access routes: the funicular di Chiaia (15 October 1889) and Montesanto (May 30, 1891) [see Chiaia, Advocate Montecalvario], stations in Art Nouveau style, demolished and rebuilt in recent times, and In 1928, the funicular Central [more San Ferdinando].Finally, after the expansion plan of 1911, the shipyards reopened with great exedra octagonal (square gold medals) and the orthogonal grid of streets that radiate in a short time.In 1914 the Master Plan, the work of the engineer Francesco de Simone, based on the division of the urban fabric in five areas of expansion bourgeois building, elegant and hotel accommodation, recommended for the area Vomero-Arenella the preservation of green belt downstream via Belvedere – Via Aniello Falcone to Salvator Rosa – between Floridiana Elmo, attention to the preservation of green survivor destined to endure for several decades.With the ’reconstruction’ of the war, the speculation out of control allowed by the new city administration (1952-1958), ’submerge’ definitely ancient villages, turned into aggregates with very high population density residential and shopping bazaar, and only in recent years, a policy of urban renewal and ’pedestrian’ – Via Scarlatti and, since November 2008, by Luca Giordano – has begun to remedy, with the recovery and enhancement of the few remaining green areas: Viviani park, park Mascagna, Camaldoli Park, Parco del Poggio ai Colli Aminei …Among the sixties and seventies, two sites in large size seal the fate of the district: the new General Hospital (1963-1971) – a complete ’the hospital’ that had gradually gained the upper area Arenella: Pascale, Cardarelli, Cotugno, Monaldi – and the beltway (1966-1992), comparable to the revolution of the links, to the intersection of Corso Vittorio Emanuele in the nineteenth century [see Advocate Montecalvario].A striving towards new languages marks the original construction of the seventies and eighties, such as the Central water lifting the Scudillo (1973), Nicola Pagliara, on the border of the ring road, resting on a base of tuff and dry piperno